PORTS AND HARBOR
PORTS AND
HARBOR
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| Source Google |
Sea
Port : A sea port is a maritime facility that can
comprise one or more wharves where ships can dock to load and discharge cargo
and passengers. Although frequently located on a sea coast or estuary,
some ports can be situated miles inland, with access to the sea via river or
canal.
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| Source Google |
Difference
between harbor and port :
A port is
place on a waterway with facilities for loading and unloading SHIPS
A harbor is
usually (but not always) more of a natural feature, like a bay, where ships tie
up, but it is not principally for taking on cargo.
Harbours are
small, used only for local or leisure use. On the other hand, a port might be
the commercial part of a larger harbor.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PORT :-
1. It should have easy connections with rail
and highway.
2. It should be situated at a
place where hinterland is fertile with good population density.
3. Ports should have proper anchor facility, while waiting for a berth to load or unload of
cargo.
4. Port should have adequate facilities for handling and storage of commodities.
5. Ports must have facilities for servicing of ships.
Ports in
India :
India
has a total 13 major ports and 200 notified minor and intermediate ports. Ports
play vital role in the overall economic development. About 95 per cent by
volume and 70 per cent by value of the India’s international trade is carried on
through maritime transport
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN MAJOR AND MINOR PORTS :
India
currently has 13 Major ports and 200 notified minor and intermediate ports.
There is no strict association of the traffic volume with these
terms. For example, the Mundra port of Gujarat is a minor port, but it has
registered a traffic volume much larger than some of the major ports. The
classification of Indian ports into major, minor and intermediate has administrative
significance. The maritime transport falls under the “concurrent list” of the
constitution and thus is to be administered by both the Central and the State
governments.
Investigation
and collection of data :
Investigation and
collection of data necessary for the planning, design and construction of
marine structures of ports and harbours after selection of a suitable site
for the port.
The
information required for the planning and design and construction of marine
structures :
a) Survey
b) Meteorological data
c) Oceanographic
data
d) Geological data
e) Soil investigation ,
f) Seismic data and
g) Local resources
are
1:5000, 1:2500 and 1:1250 with contour interval of one metre. In no case
shall the survey maps for detailed planning be of scale less than 1 I 5
000 with contour interval of one metre , depending however on topography
of the area.
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| LIDAR |
b)Hydrographic: survey
charts for the coastal region extending to continental shelf ( up to the
line at which the depth of water is 200 m ) and of scale 1 : 50 000 or 1 :
25 000 ( whichever is available ) are required for general, planning.
Hydrographic charts required for detailed pIanning shall be drawn PO a
scale as large as possible but in no case shall be less than 1 5
000. Recommended scales are 1 : 2 500 and 1 : 1250.
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| Typical Hydrographic survey |
b) Meteorological
data to be collected should cover the following:
l) Winds,
ll)
Cyclones,
lll)
Rainfall,
lv) Relative
humidity,
v)
Temperature, and
vl) Barometric pressures
l)Winds-For preliminary studies, information may be obtained from the available
meteorological records of the area. Recording of velocity and direction of wind
at the proposed site shall be obtained by installing continuous and
self-recording anemometers. The data shall be collected for at least a
period of one year and shall also be correlated with the data available at
places nearest to the site. From the data so collected wind roses should
be prepared for each month.
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| Typical Wind Rose Diagram for wind forces @ near site area |
ll) Cyclones:-
Information should be compiled regarding track of cyclones. The velocity of
maximum winds, radius of maximum wind velocity, duration, pressure drop at ‘the
cyclone centre and speed of movement of cyclone centre is required. From this a
design cyclone is adopted and waves that could, be incident at a place
computed.
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| Typical Metorological survey Equipment. |
Information
given in Handbook of cyclonic storms , Tracks
of storms and depressions
in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea - 1964, and Synoptic charts , issued
by the India
Meteorological Department.
Rainfall - Data on rainfall as
available should be collected from Indian Meteorological Department for a
minimum period of 3 years as follows:
a) Annual aveqge rainfall,
b) Months in-which the maximum
rainfall occurs,
c) Maximum intensity of rainfall and
duration, and
d)
Average number of wet days in a year.
Relative Humidity - Data on the maximum,
mean and minimum relative humidity for every month shall be obtained for a
minimum period of five years.
Temperature - The normal ambient
air temperatures with emphasis on daiIy and seasonal variation may be noted.
Barometric Pressures
- Data
should be collected for the Data on monthly average barometric pressures nearest
site from the India Meteorological Department
OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA:-
Oceanographic data to be collected
should cover the following:
a. Tides,
b. Waves (wind waves
and swells ),
c. storm surges,
d. Currents,
e. Salinity,
f) Sea water
temperature,
d Suspended Ioad, and
h) Sea bed.
Tides -
Record of the tidal information, over
as long a period as possible from Port Authorities or Geodetic and Research
Branch, Survey of India or Hydrographic Department of the Indian Navy,
including any local information specific to the site of the works should be
obtained. Based on this the data as given in
EFFECTS OF ICE ON PORT OPERATIONS :-
The restraints imposed on port operations by the ice conditions during the winter season dictate more stringent and demanding design considerations than would normally be required for just seasonal operation. Depending on the local condition of the harbor and the ice regimen, the problems experienced can be due to one or all of the following:
1. The accelerated buildup of ice on the dock structure due to tidal action.
2. The
interaction of the dock structure with ice driven by environmental forces.
3. The
buildup of an ice "active zone" in front of the dock due to
tidal action.
4. The
accelerated buildup of ice in the berthing area from repeated passages
of vessels due to the freezing of water that is repeatedly exposed to
the atmosphere.
5.
The ice buildup on the dock faces both vertical and horizontal due to wind
or wave generated icings.
6. The ice-caused
abrasion of structural members in the tidal zoneDocument reference Grogery.P PHD Hand book of Ports and Harbour Engineering
Thanks Dear.
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